Programming Paradigm

---

A programming paradigm is a fundamental style or approach to programming that dictates how tasks should be structured and executed in each programming language.

• encompasses principles, concepts, and patterns that guide the design and organization of code

Common Paradigms

1. Imperative/procedural programming
   • focuses on describing a sequence of steps to perform a task
2. Object-oriented programming (OOP)
   • organizes code around objects, which encapsulate data and behavior
3. Functional programming
   • emphasizes the use of functions and immutable data for computation
4. Declarative programming
   • describes what the program should accomplish without specifying how to achieve it
5. Event-driven programming
   • reacts to events and user actions, triggering corresponding functions
6. Logic programming
   • defines a set of logical conditions and lets the system deduce solutions

• paradigms are often combined to create efficient, modular, and maintainable code

Procedural Programming

Procedural programming is a programming paradigm that focuses on procedures or routines.

• structures codes as a series of steps
• emphasizes a linear flow of execution
• variables store data
• functions manipulate data
• top-down
• lacks encapsulation and abstraction
• good for simple tasks
• complex for larger projects

Object-oriented Programming (OOP)

Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm centered on objects, encapsulating data and methods that operate on data.

• enhances code organization and reusability
• models real-world entities as objects with attributes as behaviors
• key principles:
  • encapsulation
    • ensures data privacy
  • inheritance
    • facilitates code reuse
  • polymorphism
    • enables flexibility
• simplifies complex systems
  • modular and scalable code design